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How To Draw A Sri Lankan Leopard Step By Step

Written By Thursday, March 31, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Leopard subspecies

Sri Lankan leopard
Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) at Wilpattu National Park.jpg
Sri Lankan leopard in Wilpattu National Park

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN iii.1)[1]

Scientific nomenclature e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Form: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Pantherinae
Genus: Panthera
Species:

P. pardus

Subspecies:

P. p. kotiya

Trinomial name
Panthera pardus kotiya

Deraniyagala, 1956

The Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) is a leopard subspecies native to Sri Lanka. It was first described in 1956 past Sri Lankan zoologist Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala.[two]

Since 2020, the Sri Lankan leopard has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Scarlet Listing, equally the population is estimated at less than 800 mature individuals, and is probably failing.[1]

Characteristics [edit]

The Sri Lankan leopard has a tawny or rusty yellowish coat with dark spots and shut-prepare rosettes, which are smaller than in Indian leopards. Seven females measured in the early 20th century averaged a weight of 64 lb (29 kg) and had a mean head-to-body-length of 3 ft 5 in (ane.04 1000) with a 2 ft 6.5 in (77.5 cm) long tail, the largest beingness 3 ft 9 in (1.xiv grand) with a 2 ft nine in (84 cm) long tail; xi males averaged 124 lb (56 kg), the largest being 170 lb (77 kg), and measured 4 ft ii in (1.27 m) with a 2 ft 10 in (86 cm) long tail, the largest beingness iv ft 8 in (i.42 m) with a 3 ft two in (97 cm) long tail.[3] The Sri Lankan leopard has allegedly evolved to become a rather large leopard subspecies, considering it is an noon predator without contest by other large wild cat species in the state. Big males have been suggested to reach near 220 lb (100 kg), but show for this is defective.[4]

Melanistic leopards are rare. Few records exist, including from Mawuldeniya, Pitadeniya, and Nallathanniya.[5] In October 2019, the Department of Wildlife Conservation recorded live footage of a melanistic individual for the first fourth dimension, a male person.[6]

Sri Lankan leopard lifespans range from 12 to 15 years in the wild, and upward to 22 years in captivity.[7]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The Sri Lankan leopard is all the same plant in all habitats throughout the island in both protected and unprotected areas.[8] These habitat types can be broadly categorised into:[9]

  • Barren zone with <1,000 mm (39 in) rainfall
  • Dry zone with i,000–ii,000 mm (39–79 in) rainfall
  • Wet zone with >2,000 mm (79 in) rainfall

In Sri Lanka'south key hills, leopards have been recorded in forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, home gardens, and pino and eucalyptus plantations.[10]

Ecology and behaviour [edit]

In Yala National Park, the Sri Lankan leopard is a lonely hunter, with the exception of females with young. Male person's ranges typically overlap the smaller ranges of several females, likewise every bit portions of the ranges of neighboring males, although exclusive cadre areas are credible. They are more active and adopt hunting at nighttime, but are also somewhat agile during dawn, dusk, and daytime hours. They rarely haul their kills into trees, which is probable due to the lack of intraguild competition and the relative abundance of prey. In 2001 to 2002, adult resident leopard density was estimated at 12.ane mature individuals and 21.7 individuals of all ages per 100 km2 (39 sq mi) in Cake I of Yala National Park.[11]

The Sri Lankan leopard hunts by silently stalking its prey, until it is within hit distance, when information technology unleashes a outburst of speed to speedily pursue and pounce on its victim. The prey is normally dispatched with a single bite to the throat. Like most cats, it is pragmatic in its choice of diet, which can include small mammals, birds, and reptiles, also every bit larger animals.[ane] Sri Lankan axis deer make up the majority of its diet in the dry zone.[11] The animal besides preys on sambar, barking deer, wild boar, and monkeys.[12]

No nativity flavor or acme is apparent, with births scattered across the year.[xi] A litter unremarkably consists of two to four cubs.

The leopard is sympatric with the Sri Lankan sloth bear.[thirteen] [14]

Threats [edit]

The survival of the Sri Lankan leopard is primarily threatened by increasing habitat loss and fragmentation, together with an increasing gamble of human being-induced mortality. Leopards are killed past people either accidentally in wire snares set for other species, or equally retaliation subsequently livestock depredation (usually through poisoning the livestock carcass). They are also occasionally shot. Since 2010, over 90 leopards are known to have been killed by people in Sri Lanka.[one]

3 individuals were killed by snare traps in the Sinharaja conservation area, i of which is blimp and displayed at the Giritale Wild animals Museum.[xv] In May 2020, the melanistic leopard filmed in 2019 was found caught in a snare at the Lakshapana Estate in Nallathanniya, Hatton. Later, it was transported to Elephant Transit Habitation in Udawalawa for treatment, where information technology died. The snare had heavily injured its cervix.[xvi] [17] Fifty-fifty in big, face-to-face protected areas, homo encroachment in the edge areas is impacting leopard distribution and reducing the effective size of these protected areas.[18]

Conservation [edit]

Ongoing research into the Sri Lankan leopard is needed to ensure that conservation measures are targeted and effective. The Leopard Project under the Wilderness and Wildlife Conservation Trust (WWCT), founded by Anjali Watson,[19] and Dr. Andrew Kittle is working closely with the Government of Sri Lanka to ensure this occurs. The Sri Lanka Wild animals Conservation Order will also undertake some studies. The WWCT is engaged throughout the island with targeted work ongoing in the central hills region where fragmentation of the leopard's habitat is quickly occurring.[twenty]

In captivity [edit]

As of December 2011, 75 captive Sri Lankan leopards were in zoos worldwide. Within the European Endangered Species Programme, 27 male, 29 female person and 8 unsexed individuals are kept.[21]

Local names [edit]

The leopard is colloquially known as kotiyā (Sinhala: කොටියා) and chiruthai (Tamil: சிறுத்தை).[3] Panthera pardus kotiya is the kotiyā proper.[22]

See also [edit]

Leopard subspecies: African leopard· Arabian leopard· Javan leopard· Panthera pardus tulliana· Indian leopard· Indochinese leopard· Sri Lankan leopard· Amur leopard· Panthera pardus spelaea

  • Chinese leopard
  • Zanzibar leopard

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Kittle, A.M. & Watson, A. (2020). "Panthera pardus ssp.kotiya". IUCN Ruddy List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15959A50660847.
  2. ^ Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon leopard, a singled-out subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: 115–116.
  3. ^ a b Pocock, R.I. (1939). "Panthera pardus (Linnaeus). The Leopard or Panther". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Vol. 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–231.
  4. ^ "Yala'south giant leopards". BBC Globe. 2014. Retrieved 2018-01-xvi .
  5. ^ "Black Panther rediscovered in SLA". Daily News . Retrieved 2020-05-31 .
  6. ^ "Rare Black Panther Rediscovered In Sri Lanka". iflscience . Retrieved 2020-05-31 .
  7. ^ "Sri Lankan Leopard | Mammals in Sri Lanka | Dilmah Conservation". www.dilmahconservation.org . Retrieved 2020-12-25 .
  8. ^ Kittle, A.Thou.; Watson, A.; Cushman, S.A.; Macdonald, D.W. (2018). "Wood cover and level of protection influence the island-broad distribution of an apex carnivore and umbrella species, the Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya)". Biodiversity & Conservation. 27: 235–263. doi:10.1007/s10531-017-1431-eight. S2CID 22699049.
  9. ^ Phillips, W. W. A. (1984). Transmission of the mammals of Sri Lanka. Vol. Role III (Second revised ed.). Colombo: Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka.
  10. ^ Kittle, A. G.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H.; Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. G. (2014). "Status and distribution of the leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News. 56: 28−31.
  11. ^ a b c Kittle, A.M.; Watson, A.C.; Fernando, T.S.P. (2017). "The environmental and behaviour of a protected area Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) population". Tropical Ecology. 58: 71–86.
  12. ^ Kittle, A. Grand.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. Yard.; Sanjeewani, H. Yard. N.; Fernando, Southward. (2014). "Notes on the diet, prey and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan leopard in the fundamental highlands of Sri Lanka". Periodical of Threatened Taxa. 6 (9): 6214–6221. doi:10.11609/jott.o3731.6214-21.
  13. ^ Hadley, B. (2008). The Sloth Carry (PDF). IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-21.
  14. ^ Brown, G. (1993). The Great Bear Annual . Lyons & Burford. ISBN1558212108.
  15. ^ "SL Black Leopard non extinct; spotted again". Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2020-05-31 .
  16. ^ "Rescued blackness leopard dies; wildlife officials yet to determine crusade of death". Economy Next. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-31 .
  17. ^ "Rare Black Leopard recently rescued from a snare dies". News Beginning . Retrieved 2020-05-31 .
  18. ^ Kittle, A.K.; Watson, A.C.; Samaranayake, P.Thousand.50. (2021). "Border effects and distribution of casualty forage resources influence how an apex predator utilizes Sri Lanka'southward largest protected surface area". Journal of Zoology. 314: 31–42. doi:10.1111/jzo.12870. S2CID 234011936.
  19. ^ Sarah Lazarus and Jon Jensen. "Sri Lanka's leopards are nether threat, but this woman is determined to salve them". CNN . Retrieved 2021-01-17 .
  20. ^ Kittle, A. G.; Watson, A. C.; Fernando, Due south. (2012). "Notes on the condition, distribution and abundance of the Sri Lankan leopard in the cardinal hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (56).
  21. ^ International Species Information Arrangement (2011). "ISIS Species Holdings: Panthera pardus kotiya, Dec 2011".
  22. ^ "Panthera pardus kotiya". Integrated Taxonomic Data System.

External links [edit]

  • "Panthera pardus kotiya". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Grouping.
  • "The Leopard Project". The Wilderness and Wild fauna Conservation Trust, Sri Lanka.
  • "Images and movies of the Sri Lankan leopard". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25.
  • Anthonis, Fifty. (1997). "Lanka gets her own owned leopard". Sunday Times.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_leopard

Posted by: morriswitts1986.blogspot.com

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